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OBJECTIVE@#This study assesses the impact of iodine-rich processed foods and dining places on the iodine nutritional status of children.@*METHODS@#School-aged children (SAC) in seven provinces in China were selected by school-based multi-stage sampling. Urinary iodine, salt iodine, and thyroid volume (TVOL) were determined. Questionnaires were used to investigate dining places and iodine-rich processed foods. The water iodine was from the 2017 national survey. Multi-factor regression analysis was used to find correlations between variables.@*RESULTS@#Children ate 78.7% of their meals at home, 15.1% at school canteens, and 6.1% at other places. The percentage of daily iodine intake from water, iodized salt, iodine-rich processed foods, and cooked food were 1.0%, 79.2%, 1.5%, and 18.4%, respectively. The salt iodine was correlated with the urinary iodine and TVOL, respectively (r = 0.999 and -0.997, P < 0.05). The iodine intake in processed foods was weakly correlated with the TVOL (r = 0.080, P < 0.01). Non-iodized salt used in processed foods or diets when eating out had less effect on children's iodine nutrition status.@*CONCLUSION@#Iodized salt remains the primary source of daily iodine intake of SAC, and processed food has less effect on iodine nutrition. Therefore, for children, iodized salt should be a compulsory supplement in their routine diet.
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Humans , Child , Nutritional Status , Cross-Sectional Studies , Iodine , Sodium Chloride, Dietary/analysis , China , WaterABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the external quality control assessment results of urinary iodine, salt iodine and water iodine in iodine deficiency disorders laboratories in Qinghai Province, to evaluate the testing capacity of provincial, municipal and county-level laboratories and the operation of external quality control network, so as to provide quality assurance for consolidating and eliminating iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:In 2021, 1 provincial, 8 municipal, and 43 county-level laboratories in Qinghai Province had participated in the assessment of urinary iodine and salt iodine, while 1 provincial and 8 municipal-level laboratories had participated in the assessment of water iodine. The assessment results were evaluated using the method of reference value ± uncertainty of external quality control samples.Results:All laboratories that participated in the assessment had provided feedback. One provincial-level laboratory passed the assessment of urinary iodine, salt iodine, and water iodine. Among 8 municipal-level laboratories, 2 laboratories failed the urinary iodine assessment, with a pass rate of 6/8; the assessment of salt iodine and water iodine in 8 laboratories were all qualified. Among 43 county-level laboratories, 7 laboratories failed the urinary iodine assessment, with a pass rate of 83.7% (36/43); the assessment of salt iodine in 43 laboratories were all qualified.Conclusions:The external quality control network of iodine deficiency disorders laboratories in Qinghai Province has fully covered all municipal and county-level laboratories. The testing capability of provincial-level laboratory is stable and maintains a high level; the testing quality of some municipal and county-level laboratories is still unstable and needs to be further strengthened.
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Objective:To investigate the iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in Qingdao and the effect of prevention and treatment of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), so as to provide a basis for residents to supplement iodine scientifically, and take targeted prevention measures and adjust intervention strategies.Methods:In accordance with the requirements of the "National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program (2016 edition)" and "Shandong Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program", the cluster sampling method was adopted to select pregnant women from 10 districts (cities) in Qingdao from 2018 to 2020, to investigate their basic information and thyroid disease history. Meanwhile, household edible salt samples and random urine samples were collected to detect iodine content.Results:A total of 3 000 pregnant women were monitored from 2018 to 2020, the median age was 31 years, and the median gestational age was 18 weeks. There were significant differences in the distribution of age, gestational age, whether senile puerpera, and pregnancy in different years ( H/χ 2 = 29.35, 81.03, 65.62, 77.34, P < 0.001). The median salt iodine of edible salt ( n = 3 000) and iodized salt ( n = 2 700) in pregnant women's homes were 23.02 and 23.70 mg/kg, respectively. The qualified rate of iodized salt, the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt were 89.59% (2 419/2 700), 90.00% (2 700/3 000) and 80.63% (2 419/3 000). The comparison of qualified rate of iodized salt, coverage rate of iodized salt and consumption rate of qualified iodized salt among different years was statistically significant (χ 2 = 48.09, 36.62, 61.08, P < 0.001), the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt showed a downward trend year by year (χ 2trent = 35.54, 29.50, P < 0.001). A total of 3 000 urine samples were collected from pregnant women and the median urinary iodine of pregnant women was 147.85 μg/L. The urinary iodine level in the third trimester was lower than that in the first and second trimesters ( P < 0.001). The urinary iodine level in the non elderly group was higher than that in the elderly group ( Z = - 6.66, P < 0.001). The urinary iodine level in the group without thyroid disease was higher than that in the group with thyroid disease ( Z = - 1.99, P = 0.047). The urinary iodine level in iodized salt group was higher than that in non-iodized salt group ( Z = - 2.42, P = 0.015). Conclusions:The iodine nutrition of pregnant women in Qingdao is generally at an insufficient level, and the risk of iodine deficiency is high, which needs attention. In recent years, the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in Qingdao have shown a downward trend, and have failed to meet the requirements of national standards. In the future, we should strengthen the monitoring and health education of IDD in pregnant women.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate the iodine sufficiency of pregnant women assisted in a University Hospital of Minas Gerais, and to correlate the urinary concentrations of maternal iodine with the fetal thyroid hormone levels at birth. Methods Urinary iodine concentrations from 30 pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy and gestational age lower than 20 weeks were analyzed. Occasional samples of the mothers' urine were collected for the urinary iodine concentration dosage, and these were correlated with the newborns' thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels. Results The median iodine urinary concentration of this study's pregnant women population was 216.73 mcg/l, which is proper for the group, following the World Health Organization (WHO). No cases of neonatal hypothyroidism were reported in the study, which corroborates the iodine sufficiency in this population sample. Conclusion This study shows that despite the increased demand for iodine from pregnant women and the Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency (ANVISA) recommendation of 2013 for reduction of salt iodization levels, the population of pregnant women attended in the prenatal ambulatory of normal risk from the Federal University of Minas Gerais is considered sufficient in iodine. As a higher sample is necessary for the confirmation of these findings, it is too early to recommend the universal supplementation of iodine for Brazilian pregnant women, and more studies must be carried out, considering that iodine supplementation for pregnant women in an area of iodine sufficiency is associated to the risks of the fetus's excessive exposure to iodine.
Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a suficiência iódica de gestantes atendidas em um Hospital Universitário de Minas Gerais e correlacionar as concentrações urinárias de iodo materno com os níveis de hormônios tireoidianos fetais ao nascimento. Métodos Foi analisada a concentração urinária de iodo de 30 gestantes com gestação única e idade gestacional menor que 20 semanas. Foram coletadas amostras ocasionais de urina materna para dosagem da concentração urinária de iodo, e estas foram correlacionadas com os níveis de hormônio estimulante da tiroide (TSH) dos recémnascidos. Resultados A mediana da concentração urinária de iodo das gestantes estudadas foi de 216,73 mcg/L, sendo adequada para o grupo segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Não houve nenhum caso de hipotireoidismo neonatal no estudo, o que corrobora a suficiência de iodo nesta amostra populacional. Conclusão Esse estudo demonstra que apesar do aumento da demanda de iodo pelas gestantes e da recomendação da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) de 2013 da redução dos níveis de iodação do sal, a população de gestantes atendidas no ambulatório de pré-natal de risco habitual da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais é considerada suficiente em iodo. Apesar de uma maior amostragem ser necessária para a confirmação destes achados, é cedo para recomendar a suplementação universal de iodo para as gestantes brasileiras e mais estudos precisam ser realizados, levando-se em conta que a suplementação de iodo para gestantes em áreas suficientes em iodo está associada aos riscos da exposição excessiva de iodo ao feto.
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Humans , Female , Pregnancy , IodineABSTRACT
Objective:To analyze the iodine content distribution of drinking water in Jingdezhen City, and master the status of prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), so as to provide a basis for adopting targeted control measures and scientific adjustment of control and prevention strategies.Methods:According to the "National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program" and the "National Water Iodine Content Survey Program for Drinking Water", the surveillance of IDD in Jingdezhen City was carried out from 2017 to 2020. Household edible salt samples from pregnant women and students aged 8 to 10 were collected to detect salt iodine content, and urine samples were collected to detect urinary iodine. Thyroid volume of students was measured by B-ultrasonography, and the rate of goiter was calculated. In 2017, the iodine content of drinking water in Jingdezhen City was investigated, and the results were analyzed.Results:From 2017 to 2020, a total of 1 800 students were examined for thyroid gland, and 11 students were found to have goiter, with an goiter rate of 0.61%. A total of 3 201 edible salt samples and 3 201 urine samples were collected from students, the median of salt iodine was 24.96-26.40 mg/kg, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 98.50%-99.50%, and the median of urinary iodine was 172.56-218.35 μg/L. A total of 1 600 edible salt samples and 1 600 urine samples were collected from pregnant women, the median of salt iodine was 24.40-25.38 mg/kg, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 97.25%-98.00%, and the median of urinary iodine was 161.55-205.60 μg/L. In 2017, a total of 667 water samples were collected from 52 villages and towns in 4 counties and districts. The median of water iodine of the 4 counties and districts was 0.6-3.2 μg/L, and that of the 52 villages and towns was 0.3-12.3 μg/L.Conclusions:The iodine nutrition level of students and pregnant women in Jingdezhen City is generally at an appropriate level, but the iodine content of drinking water is low. It is suggested to strengthen the health education and health promotion of IDD among key population, guide the residents to supplement iodine scientifically, and continuously eliminate the harm of IDD.
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Objective@#To investigate the status of iodine nutrition and prevalence of goiter among children at ages of 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province in 2021, so as to provide insights into the management of iodine deficiency in children.@*Methods @#A total of 90 counties (districts) were sampled as field survey sites from 11 cities of Zhejiang Province using a multi-stage stratified random sampling method in 2021, and non-residential children at ages of 8 to 10 years in these sites were sampled as study subjects. Subjects' household edible salt samples and random urine samples were collected. The iodine content in salt and urinary iodine level were determined using the direct titration method and arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry for evaluation of iodine nutrition among children. In addition, the lateral lobe of the thyroid gland was measured using ultrasound, and the prevalence of goiter was estimated. @*Results@#A total of 19 363 children were recruited, including 9 710 male children and 9 653 female children, with a male to female ratio of 1.01︰1, and there were 10 704 urban children (55.28%) and 8 659 rural children (44.72%), 9 149 children living in coastal areas (47.25%) and 10 214 children in inland regions (52.75%). The mean iodine content was (19.79±9.25) mg/kg in salt, and the coverage of qualified iodized salt (15 252) was 78.77%. The coverage of qualified iodized salt was significantly lower in urban children than in rural children (76.70% vs. 81.21%; χ2=68.301, P<0.001), and was lower in children living in coastal regions than in inland regions (68.05% vs. 88.27%; χ2=1 270.769, P<0.001). The median urinary iodine concentration was 195.1 μg/L, and the household iodine content in salt correlated positively with urinary iodine concentration in children (rs=0.383, P<0.001). There were 2 885 children with iodine deficiency (14.90%), 7 137 children with adequate iodine (36.86%), 5 414 children with excessive iodine intake (27.96%), and 3 927 children with iodine overdose (20.28%), and the distribution of iodine nutrition in children varied significantly in regions (χ2=283.277, P<0.001) and gender (χ2=126.349, P<0.001). The prevalence of goiter was 2.45% among 7 195 children receiving ultrasound examinations, and a higher prevalence rate of goiter was detected in urban children than in rural children (2.76% vs. 2.00%; χ2=3.962, P=0.047). @*Conclusions @#The overall urinary iodine nutrition was adequate among children at ages of 8 to 10 years in Zhejiang Province in 2021, and the prevalence of goiter in children fell within the threshold defined in the criteria of elimination of iodine deficiency. However, the supervision of the iodized salt quality remains to be improved and iodine deficiency control remains to be reinforced.
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Objective:To investigate the iodine nutritional status of children in Qingdao City and the effects of prevention and treatment measures on iodine deficiency disorders (IDD), and to provide a scientific basis for guiding residents to scientifically supplement iodine, taking timely targeted prevention and control measures, and scientifically adjusting intervention strategies.Methods:According to "National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program (2016 edition)" and "Iodine Deficiency Disorders Surveillance Program of Shandong Province", from 2018 to 2020, using the cluster sampling method, children aged 8-10 years in Qingdao City were chosen to test their household salt iodine content and random urinary iodine content, and to examine their thyroid volume by B-ultrasonography, and the correlation between thyroid volume and physical development indexes was analyzed.Results:From 2018 to 2020, a total of 6 057 children were monitored, including 3 068 boys and 2 989 girls. The median of salt iodine and iodized salt iodine of children was 23.50 and 24.10 mg/kg. The qualified rate of iodized salt was 89.95% (4 832/5 372), the coverage rate of iodized salt was 88.69% (5 372/6 057), and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 79.78% (4 832/6 057). There were significant differences in the qualified rate of iodized salt, the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt between different years (χ 2 = 135.26, 314.71, 342.87, P < 0.001). A total of 6 057 urine samples were collected from children, and the median of urinary iodine was 193.92 μg/L, of which 16.2% (979/6 057) were < 100 μg/L, and 22.5% (1 361/6 057) were ≥300 μg/L. There were statistically significant differences in the medians of urinary iodine between different years, gender and whether eating iodized salt ( H/Z = 37.25,-3.89,-5.69, P < 0.001), the median of urinary iodine in boys was higher than that of girls, and the median of urinary iodine in eating iodized salt group was higher than that of eating non-iodized salt group. There was no significant difference in the median of urinary iodine between different age ( H = 4.33, P = 0.119). The rate of goiter in children was 3.45% (71/2 057), and the difference between different years was statistically significant (χ 2 = 42.68, P < 0.001). The incidence of goiter in 2020 [7.31% (45/616)] was significantly higher than that in 2018 and 2019 [2.81% (18/641), 1.00% (8/800), P < 0.001]. Thyroid volume of children was positively correlated with height and weight ( r = 0.20, 0.22, P < 0.001). Conclusions:The iodine nutritional level of children aged 8-10 years in Qingdao City is appropriate. However, the incidence of goiter in children in some years is relatively high. The qualified rate of iodized salt, the coverage rate of iodized salt and the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt are all lower than the national standard for elimination of IDD, which should be paid attention to.
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Objective:To analyze the correlation between simple thyroid nodule and blood lipid and glucose metabolism and iodine nutrition level.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting data of the population undergoing epidemiological investigation in Jinshan District, Shanghai from July to December 2015, to calculate the prevalence of thyroid nodules and analyze relevant functional indicators.Results:Simple thyroid nodules were detected in 603 subjects, with a prevalence of 22.6% (603/2 669). There were 358 female patients with simple thyroid nodules, with a prevalence rate of 26.9%, and 245 male patients with simple thyroid nodules, with a prevalence rate of 18.3%. The prevalence of simple thyroid nodule in female was higher than that in male, and the difference was statistically significant (χ 2=27.686, P<0.001). In addition, the prevalence of simple thyroid nodules increased with age (13.1% (92/704) and 20.2% (104/514) and 25.1% (145/578) and 24.4% (107/439) and 36.3% (98/270) and 34.8% (57/164), χ 2=83.872,P<0.001). In the ≤30 years group (8.0% (30/704) vs. 18.8% (62/331), χ 2=35.716, P<0.001), >30 to ≤40 years old group (14.1% (37/263) vs. 26.7% (67/251), χ 2=12.683, P<0.001), >60 to ≤70 years old group (26.2% (33/126) vs. 45.1% (65/144), χ 2=10.435, P<0.001), and the 70-year-old group (24.4% (21/86) vs. 46.2% (36/78), χ 2=8.521, P<0.001). The prevalence of simple thyroid nodules in males was lower than that in females. In the simple positive thyroid nodule group, Fasting blood glucose (5.12 (4.80, 5.69) and 5.02 (4.72, 5.48)), total cholesterol (1.24 (0.85, 1.86) and 1.13 (0.77, 1.76)), triglyceride (4.77 (4.09, 5.48) and 4.49 (3.92, 5.16)), low density lipoprotein((2.79 (2.26, 3.36) and 2.63 (2.19, 3.16)), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.41 (1.18, 1.66) and 1.35 (1.13, 1.61)) were higher than those in the negative group ( U values were 554 818, 578 468, 535 622, 556 067 and 567 960, respectively, all P<0.01). The BMI index grade distribution of thyroid nodule positive group was higher than that of negative group, and the difference was statistically significant (3.7% (77/2 066), 50.1% (1 034/2 066), 32.4% (669/2 066), 13.8% (286/2 066), 3.2% (19/603), 43.6% (263/603), 38.1% (230/603), 15.1% (91/603), χ2=9.5201, P=0.023). The prevalence of simple thyroid nodules was significantly lower in the iodized salt group than in the non-iodized salt group (20.7% (436/2 102) vs. 29.5% (167/567), χ 2=19.376, P<0.001). The urinary iodine level in the positive thyroid nodule group was significantly lower than that in the negative group (148.4(100.2, 213.7) vs. 169.5(115.4, 241.75), U=545 129.5, P<0.001). After Logistic regression screening, age ( OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.292-1.908, P<0.001), gender ( OR=1.278, 95% CI: 1.193-1.368, P<0.001), BMI grade ( OR=1.166, 95% CI: 1.022-1.330, P=0.022), total cholesterol ( OR=1.105, 95% CI: 1.005-1.214, P=0.040), iodized salt ( OR=0.689, 95% CI: 0.556-0.854, P=0.001) were independent influencing factors of thyroid nodule. Conclusion:The prevalence of simple thyroid nodules in Shanghai is relatively low. Age, sex, BMI level, total cholesterol and iodized salt are independent factors causing thyroid nodules. In addition, blood glucose level may also be related to the prevalence of thyroid nodules.
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Objective To explore the relationship between urinary iodine level and breast cancer,we compare urinary iodine excretion levels in patients with breast cancer,benign breast disease,other female malignant tumors and control subjects in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University.Methods From December 2018 to January 2019,64 patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer in Xiangya Hospital of Central South University were selected as case group,benign breast disease group (n =49),other female malignant tumor group (n =39) and health examination group (n =50) as control group.Urinary iodine was determined by colorimetry.According to the urinary iodine level the patients divided into three groups:iodine excess (＞300 μg/L),medium iodine (100-300 μg/L) and iodine deficiency (＜ 100 μg/L).The relationship between urinary iodine and clinicopathology of breast cancer was analyzed.Results The level of urinary iodine in benign breast nodule group 319.13 (163.98) μg/L ＞ breast cancer group 273.96 (151.30) μg/L ＞ female other malignant tumor group 212.95 (161.71) μg/L ＞ normal control group 199.15 (194.45) μg/L,with significantly differance (H =9.936,P =0.019).Urinary iodine level in the normal control group was significantly lower than that in the benign breast disease group (P =0.013).The patients were further divided into three groups according to the urinary iodine level:iodine excess,iodine medium and iodine deficiency,the number of urine iodine ＜ 100 μg/L in the normal control group was significantly higher than that in the breast cancer group (P =0.021).The level of urinary iodine was negatively correlated with the size of the primary focus of breast cancer (Z =-2.307,P =0.021).The effect of urinary iodine was analyzed by multiple linear regression method.The size of primary focus was included in the regression equation (R2 =0.136,P=0.007),but had nothing to do with lymph node metastasis and the expression status of estrogen receptor (ER),androgen receptor (AR),progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2).Conclusions There is a negative linear correlation between urinary iodine level and the size of primary focus of breast cancer,but it has nothing to do with lymph node metastasis and the expression of ER,AR,PR and HER-2.
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Background: Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) constitute the single largest cause of preventable brain damage worldwide leading to learning disabilities and psychomotor impairment. Nearly 266 million school children worldwide have insufficient iodine intake. IDD was found to be a public health problem in 47 countries. Since the information on current prevalence of goiter in Kolar was not available, the present study was undertaken.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among school children aged 6-12 years in Kolar taluk. A total of 650 children (325 urban and 325 rural) were selected for goiter examination by multistage random cluster sampling technique. A total of 150 children were tested for the median urinary concentration and 150 salt samples were tested from the households of the study population.Results: The total goiter rate was 6.6% among primary school children aged 6-12 years with a significant difference between ages. As the age increased the goiter prevalence also increased. The median urinary iodine excretion level was found to be 137 µg/l and 92.7% salt samples had >15 ppm iodine content.Conclusions: Present study shows mild goiter prevalence in primary school children in Kolar and an adequate iodine content of salt and urine.
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Background: Iodine deficiency is one of the most prevalent micronutrient deficiencies globally. Women in reproductive age group are vulnerable to develop iodine deficiency as there is an increase in demand for iodine, especially during pregnancy. Objectives: The objective is to assess the prevalence of goiter and its association with iodine status and salt usage practices among the women of reproductive age group. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from August 2015 to July 2017 among 1500 women of reproductive age group in five villages of Udupi Taluk. Stratified sampling design and proportion to population size of the reproductive age women in the study area was used to select the study participants. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Goiter was assessed clinically and graded as per the recommended criteria of the WHO. Salt samples from every household were collected for iodine estimation. Blood and urine samples were collected from subsample to estimate thyroid-stimulating hormone levels and urinary iodine excretion levels, respectively. Results: The overall prevalence of goiter was 13% with 11.5% being Grade 1 and 1.5% being Grade 2. No significant association of goiter with urinary iodine, salt iodine levels, and salt usage practices was found. Conclusions: Median urinary iodine among the women with goiter indicates iodine sufficiency and no significant difference observed in urinary iodine levels between women with and without goiter.
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Background: Due to excess metabolic demand of iodine in pregnancy, pregnant women and lactating mother and their neonates are most vulnerable of iodine deficiency disorder. Urinary iodine excretion is a good marker of recent dietary iodine intake. Thus, present study was conducted to assess the iodine status and median urinary iodine excretion (UIE μg/lit) among pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura.Methods: Tribal and Bengali pregnant and non-pregnant women from Bokafa and Jolaibari Block of South Tripura district were included in the study. Urinary iodine excretion was done using simple micro plate method. Salt iodine was estimated using iodometric titration. All the tests were performed at CNRT Lab, ICMR, India.Results: Total number of subjects included in this study was 1071. Total number of urine samples collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women was 538 and 533 respectively. Median value of UIE in pregnant and non-pregnant women of Tripura was 155.0µg/L and 130.0µg/L. In pregnant women percentage prevalence of severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-149µg/L) was found in 4.1%, 15.1% and 29.6% subjects. In case of non-pregnant women severe (<20µg/L), moderate (20-49µg/L) and mild iodine deficiency (50-99µg/L) was found in 0.6%, 9.6%, 27.8% subjects respectively. The overall prevalence of iodine deficiency was found in 48.8% pregnant women, compared to 38.0% non-pregnant subjects.Conclusions: Efforts towards universal salt iodization need to be stepped-up in Sub-Himalayan region (NE part of India) and pregnant and lactating mothers may be targeted with alternate iodine supplements (Colloidal Iodine).
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Objective To explore current situation of iodine deficiency disorders(IDD) and iodine nutrient level by analyzing monitoring data of IDD from children aged from 8 to 10 and pregnant women in Wuhai City in 2017,so as to provide basis for the prevention and control of IDD. Methods Our surveillance points were located in Haibowan District, Wuda District, Hainan District of Wuhai City. Samples of salt and human urine were collected from 200 children aged 8 to 10 and 100 pregnant women at random. Urine iodine concentration and salt iodine concentration were measured. Thyroid volume was determined by B-ultrasound. Results There were 10 children diagnosed as thyroid goiter. Children’s Goiter rate in this area was 1.67%.The averaged covering rate of eating iodine among children reached 99.56%, their acceptance rate of iodized salt was 12.7%. Median of salt-iodine was 21.7 mg/kg. Median of urinary iodine(MUI) for children was 204.5 μg/L. The percentage of children whose urinary iodine was less than 100 μg/L and 50 μg/L was 12.7% and 2.2%, respectively. Median of urinary iodine in boys was 224.0 μg/L, which was higher than in girls(191.5 μg/L), the difference was statistically significant(P=0.004). Median of urinary iodine in pregnant women was 145.8 μg/L. Pregnant women whose urine iodine below 150 μg/L accounted for 51.7%. The MUI in pregnant women during the first trimester was 115.5 μg/L. Pregnant women during the first trimester whose urine iodine below 150 μg/L accounted for 62.0%. Conclusions The iodine nutrition condition in children is basically normal, while iodine nutrition deficiency exist in pregnant women in this area. We should particularly enhance monitoring urinary iodine for pregnant women during the first trimester to reduce iodine deficiency.
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Objective To investigate the distribution of urinary iodine level and its relationship with thyroid function in Tibetan adults in Lhasa. Methods Tibetan residents living in Lhasa and its surrounding countryside were recruited by the method of multistage randomized cluster sampling. Their salt iodine, drinking water iodine, urinary iodine, and thyroid function levels were detected. According to the urinary iodine level, these subjects were divided into the iodine deficiency group ( urinary iodine<100μg/L) , the iodine enough group ( urine iodine 100-199μg/L) , the iodine adequate group ( urine iodine 200-299 μg/L ) and the iodine excessive group ( urine iodine≥300μg/L) . The differences in thyroid function among various groups were compared. Results A total of 2235 subjects were included in the study. The overall level of urinary iodine was in skewed distribution, with a median ( upper and lower quartiles) of 154 (99, 229) μg/L. The proportion of subjects with insufficient iodine intake was 25.7％, while those of the enough, adequate, and excessive groups were 41. 5％, 21. 3％, and 11. 5％, respectively. There was no significant difference in urine iodine level between males and females [152(95,219)μg/L vs 155(100,232)μg/L P>0.05]. The urinary iodine levels in residents of urban were higher than those in rural residents [157(101,232)μg/L vs 140(92,200)μg/L, P<0.05]. The urinary iodine levels in the young, middle-aged, and elderly groups were 175 ( 116,256) , 136 ( 91, 200) , and 116 ( 68, 164)μg/L respectively, showing a gradual decrease in urine iodine level with aging (P<0.05). The average salt iodine content of Tibetan adults in Lhasa was 23.16 mg/kg, and that in drinking water was 4.33μg/L. There were no significant differences in TSH levels among various iodine intake groups ( P>0.05) . The levels of thyroid peroxidase antibody ( TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibody ( TGAb) were gradually decreased with the increase of urinary iodine level (P<0.05). Conclusion More than 50％ of Tibetans are at the status of low iodine and high iodine intakes in Lhasa. Although the salt iodine content meets national standards, the drinking water iodine content is lower than that standard.
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Objective: To estimate the prevalence of Iodine Deficiency Disorders, and householdconsumption of adequately iodized salt in Damoh district, Madhya Pradesh in 2016.Methods: Cross-sectional study with cluster sampling method was used among school-going children. 30 clusters, each with 90 children were selected to access Total Goiter rate(TGR). 540 salt samples were collected to estimate salt iodine content from their householdand 270 on the spot urine samples were collected to estimate Urine Iodine Excretion level.Results: TGR was 2.08%. The prevalence of iodine deficiency, adequate iodine nutrition,and either more than adequate or toxic level of Iodine was 26%, 28% and 46 %, respectively.72.4% people were consuming adequately iodized salt. Conclusions: Damoh district is nomore an endemic area for iodine deficiency. We recommend continuous monitoring toassess IDDs as well Iodine-induced toxicity in future
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Objective To investigate the correlation between iodine nutritional status and thyroid diseases in some areas of Ningxia. Methods The physical examination, questionnaire survey, and measurement of urine iodine, thyroid function, thyroid associated antibodies were performed, with thyroid ultrasonography in Jingyuan County, Xingqing District and Guyuan City, Ningxia Yinchuan City, totally including 2827 adults. Results The median urinary iodine of all subjects was 258. 7(76. 6-1506. 4) μg/L. The average level of urinary iodine in rural areas [203.3(64. 6-1154)μg/L] was lower than that in cities[340. 7(114. 8-1726. 1)μg/L, Z=19. 514, P>0. 01]. The average urinary iodine level was lower in people over 65 years old[234. 2(58. 9-2285. 4) μg/L, x2=6.449, P=0. 040]. Subjects in hypothyroidism group [232. 5(69. 2-1682. 3) μg/L] had the lowest average urinary iodine level, while hyperthyroidism group[331. 9(102. 4-1862) μg/L] turned to be the highest group( x2=15. 432, P>0. 01). Compared with the normal group, TPOAb and TGAb increased group had similar median levels of urinary iodine (P>0. 05). If compared with single nodule, multiple nodules group and the normal group's median levels of urinary iodine also had no significant difference(P>0. 05). Conclusion Iodine excess was found in the studied population in these areas of Ningxia.
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Objective To investigate the associations of urinary iodine concentration ( UIC) and blood selenium levels with subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid antibodies during the first half pregnancy in women. Methods A total of 239 pregnant women(7-20 weeks)were selected. The baseline data were collected, and serum TSH, FT4 , thyroid peroxidase antibody ( TPOAb), thyroglobulin antibody ( TgAb), blood selenium, and urinary iodine concentration(UIC) levels were measured. Results The median level of urinary iodine among 239 women was 156. 96 μg/ L. The distributions of pregnant women with iodine deficiency, iodine adequate, more-than-adequate or excessive iodine intake were 43. 9％ , 38. 9％ , 17. 2％ , respectively. The percentage of more-than-adequate and excessive iodine in women with subclinical hypothyroidism was higher than that in women with euthyroidism. The serum TSH level in women with UIC≥250 μg/ L was higher than those with 150≤UIC<250 μg/ L and UIC<150 μg/ L (P<0. 05). The serum TSH level in women with blood selenium<95 μg/ L was higher than those with selenium≥95μg/ L(P<0. 05). Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in women with UIC≥250 μg/ L was increased by 3. 498 fold(95％ CI 1. 588-7. 704)as compared with those with 150≤UIC<250 μg/ L. The risk of subclinical hypothyroidism in women with blood selenium <80 μg/ L was increased by 2. 667 fold (95％ CI 1. 123-6. 331) compared with those with 90 ≤ selenium < 100 μg/ L. After adjusting for age, gestational weeks, residential district, TPOAb, TgAb, taking compound nutritional supplements, more-than-adequate and excessive iodine still increased the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism(OR= 3. 014, 95％ CI 1. 310-6. 938). Women with UIC≥250 μg/ L and blood selenium <95 μg/ L revealed the increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism as compared to those with 150≤UIC<250 μg/ L and selenium≥95 μg/ L(OR=5. 429, 95％ CI 1. 929-15. 281). After adjusting for age, gestational weeks, residential district, TPOAb, TgAb, taking compound nutritional supplements, the fingdings still existed. Conclusion The nutrient condition of iodine and selenium of the pregnant women in Tianjin during the first half pregnancy should be noticed. The individualized supplement of iodine and selenium, if needed, should be performed to decrease the risk of subclinical hypothyroidism.
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Objective To establish reference interval of thyroid hormones in pregnant women in Urumqi,standardize the diagnostic criteria of thyroid diseases in pregnancy,assess the iodine nutrition and thyroid function at different stages of pregnancy,and provide evidence to guide iodine supplementation.Methods A cross-sectional survey was performed in 3 731 pregnant women in Urumqi from May 2015 to June 2016.1 206 of them were in the first trimester,1 125 in the second and 1 400 in the third.500 non-pregnant women were recruited as controls.Levels of serum thyrotrophin (TSH),free triiodothyrunine (FT3),free thyroxine (FT4),anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and antithyroglobulin (anti-TG) were measured,and urinary iodine levels were detected by arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry.Results There were statistically significant differences between the pregnant groups and the control group in FT3,FT4,and TSH levels (P＜0.05).The serum thyroid concentrations in each group were FT3 values:(4.64±1.15),(4.36±0.89),(3.89±0.92),(5.24±0.65) pmol/L;FT4:(16.49±2.78),(15.06±3.76),(12.38± 1.65),(17.56± 1.12) pmol/L;TSH:(1.98±0.65),(2.43 ±0.83),(3.15± 1.25),(2.13 ± 0.75) mU/L.The reference intervals of thyroid hormones in early,middle and late pregnancy (P2.5 to P97.5) were:FT3:3.24-7.58,3.16-5.47,3.05-4.28 pmol/L;FT4:13.36-22.58,12.04-19.77,12.78-20.03 pmoL/L;TSH:0.24-3.78,0.51-3.91,0.55-4.55 mU/L.The medians of anti-TG and anti-TPO at different stages of pregnancy were significantly different,with the first trimester being the lowest and the third trimester being the highest (P=0.07,0.04).The medians of urinary iodine in all four groups were 235.78 μg/L (controls),198.25 μg/L (first trimester),175.36 pg,/L (second trimester) and 141.24 μg/L (third trimester),showing a significant gestational age-dependent decrease (P =0.036).Changes in serum levels of TSH,FT3,FT4,anti-TG and anti-TPO seemed to be in accordance with changes of urinary iodine levels;yet the correlations were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).Conclusions Iodine nutritional status was closely related to gestational age.Abnormal TSH levels were mainly observed in the second and third trimesters,abnormal serum levels of FT3,FT4,anti-TG and anti-TPO in the first trimester,and iodine deficiency in the third trimester.Thyroid function and urinary iodine should be monitored at each trimester during pregnancy.
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Objective To explore the thyroid volume of children aged 8-10 years in non-iodine high area and iodine high area of Tianjin and to analyze the relationship between thyroid volume and urinary iodine level.Methods In 2016-2017,a cross-sectional study was conducted in non-iodine high area and iodine high area in Tianjin.Totally 356 and 199 children aged 8-10 years were selected,respectively.The urine samples of children were collected and the iodine concentration in urine was measured by "As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry".The thyroid volume was monitored by B ultrasonic method.Results The medians of urinary iodine in the 8,9 and 10 years old age groups in iodine high area (500.00,443.00,407.00 μg/L) were higher than those of non-iodine high area (189.39,168.35,189.90 μg/L,Z =7.162,7.536,6.126,P ＜ 0.05).The thyroid volume of children aged 8 and 9 years in iodine high area (2.81,2.91 ml) was higher than that in non-iodine high area (2.31,2.44 ml,Z =3.474,3.264,P ＜ 0.05).There was a weak correlation between urinary iodine and thyroid volume (r =0.109,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The urinary iodine level and thyroid volume of children aged 8 and 9 in iodine high areas are higher than those in non-iodine high areas.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the revised Chinese National Standard GB26878-2011 'Iodine Content in Edible Salt' on the iodine status among the Chinese population.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In 2011 and 2014, the probability proportionate to size sampling (PPS) was used in each Chinese province to obtain the representative data. In each sampling unit, school children aged 8-10 years and pregnant women were selected. Key indicators included urinary iodine concentration (UIC), thyroid volume (TV), and the iodine content in edible household salt.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The median urinary iodine concentration (MUIC) decreased between 2011 and 2014 from 238.6 to 197.9 µg/L in school-age children. The number of provinces with iodine excess decreased to zero. The proportion of children whose UIC was > 300 µg/L was 18.8% and decreased to 11% compared with 29.8% in 2011. There was no significant difference in UIC < 50 µg/L between 2014 (4.3%) and 2011 (3.7%) (P > 0.05). The MUIC among pregnant women in 2014 was more concentrated between 110 and 230 µg/L. The goiter rate among children aged 8-10 years was unchanged, both the goiter rate of 2011 and 2014 remaining below 5%, in view of the sustainable elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The National Standard GB26878-2011 'Iodine Content in Edible Salt' that was introduced in March 2012 resulted in an overall improvement in iodine status, reducing the risk of excessive iodine intake in the Chinese population.</p>